Auditory grouping processes and the resulting perceptual qualities and corresponding orchestral effects. [Adapted from Goodchild and McAdams 2021, Fig. 1]

Timbral shifts: Schubert, Symphony no. 9 in C major, i, mm. 594–602]

Timbral echo: Sibelius, Symphony no. 2 in D major, ii, mm. 120–128

Antiphonal contrast: Haydn, Symphony no. 100 in G major (Military), ii, mm. 61–64

Timbral juxtapositions: Sibelius, Symphony no. 2, ii, mm. 67–75.

Sectional boundaries: Dolan’s (2013b) orchestral graph of Haydn, Symphony no. 100, ii. Colors represent different instruments and the line thickness corresponds to notated dynamics.